* m5 c+ J. _- V. Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb那麼,中國官方推出的“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷對於中共歷史的記述,和中外獨立歷史學者的研究有哪些分歧呢?在今後幾天時間裏,美國之音中文網站將就幾個中共歷史上的熱點問題和政治懸案,比較中國官方和獨立史家的不同看法。在這些報道中,中國官方的提法以中國共産黨歷史第二卷的內容為準;中外獨立歷史學者的研究則以美國之音記者李肅的“共産黨在中國:回首文革”和“共産黨在中國:1949之後”兩個大型專題的內容為基礎。作者: aa00 時間: 2011-6-23 07:39 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-6-23 07:43 AM 編輯 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 g: Y6 U: ]" N* O/ K2 T
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2011年 6月 21日TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 a; L8 y4 Q7 f& j- \# K 三位年輕女性眼中的中國共産黨 www1.tvboxnow.com" v. \% C% d7 c8 j7 S0 Y1 X% H www1.tvboxnow.com0 q/ r7 p& o' h: q) Z
VOA 記者: 張楠 | 北京tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 B9 m0 p5 o, G6 v
來源: 美國之音TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' S3 q# Z) Z; S$ J$ b2 s/ S
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 |" K$ M3 }! O4 f7 S) O% h
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戰爭年代,中國共産黨曾以“為自由民主新中國而奮鬥”的口號吸引大批年輕人加入其行列。在今天的中國,共産黨對於青年人還有吸引力嗎?美國之音記者採訪了三位年輕的城市知識女性,請她們談談對中共的認識。www1.tvboxnow.com' F* k& `" P/ H" C8 E x
}" h% A2 ]: t$ b2 j F; [; Q# s公仔箱論壇*陳蓓:入黨變成“非常可笑的事情”* ! L1 N B2 ], j9 H5 V6 L- Q B) Twww1.tvboxnow.comTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 C6 C, K/ @4 I! F# g
陳蓓是深圳某公司的公關人員,曾經寫過入黨申請書;汪萍是北京的在校大學生,最近剛剛遞交入黨申請書;姚瀟則是北京某街道辦事處的黨總支副書記。她們在接受採訪時都談到年輕人要求入黨的動機問題。 # z" W. U% T9 K( g( S h. z; h5 Y2 T" Q4 U' w& Y: D1 E, a陳蓓高中時期申請入黨,她覺得從團員轉成黨員是順理成章、再自然不過的事。但是申請過程中的一些見聞令她心灰意懶。她説:“我就發現很多同學入不入黨,還是跟學習成績或者你的父母是不是做官員是相關的。競爭條件非常激烈。” : G5 r" U \0 q6 J* [; w1 T公仔箱論壇 1 K: L5 O" e: |- c5 e1 Q: T4 ~- uwww1.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇' k1 n, h& S- u8 b
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中共一大時沉默寡言的毛澤東後來成為不容挑戰的最高領袖。中南海新華門邊至今鑲著“戰無不勝的毛澤東思想萬歲”的標語。www1.tvboxnow.com1 \' y+ Y, O `$ T n6 E+ K
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中國共産黨由蘇聯控制的共産國際(又稱“第三國際”)一手催生。1920年4月,共産國際派代表維經斯基到中國,他先在北京會晤李大釗,後在上海接觸陳獨秀,建議他們籌組中國共産黨。8月,陳獨秀等人在上海組黨。1921年7月23日,共産國際代表馬林、尼克爾斯基和13名中國代表在上海的法國租界秘密召開中國共産黨第一次全國代表大會。因為擔心法租界巡捕干預,代表們8月3日在嘉興南湖的一艘遊船上舉行了閉幕會議,選舉出中共中央局三名領導成員。陳獨秀為總書記,張國燾為組織主任,李達任宣傳主任。中共後來把一大定為建黨時刻,並把7月1日定為“黨的生日”。5 O1 ?$ u. L/ G& e( o* r
0 F/ a$ j) D1 q) @/ K. w $ A9 r& Y% ^: J$ @; [9 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 7 D7 i' l4 {% wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. , l, e- d$ p& N; U公仔箱論壇: w3 m" S6 A( x
/ k3 ]0 L) C) [" d. u O公仔箱論壇Yet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 8 k* `# E0 I9 _0 L' u
+ M5 L0 W9 ]* m& c9 Kwww1.tvboxnow.com " T+ R! ]& L: [4 M3 I" kToday the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& t; g/ m3 q: J6 b
: C% s9 v% A+ v& j" X9 w# J, Gwww1.tvboxnow.com # h( v, d/ D+ v6 C& xwww1.tvboxnow.comIndeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. # T7 c# Y% J7 f( @, H- Y : x/ a& `3 m. q2 E1 b4 F6 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# B" Z- r I) A
Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. # ^0 D3 _' { C8 h+ ^; y% twww1.tvboxnow.comwww1.tvboxnow.com9 o% }* X1 i0 `% z& }6 D. a/ `1 ]; W/ s
+ a" ^2 B. z( j; bwww1.tvboxnow.comThis much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. & T( B5 P* z' e8 u0 F
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Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 6 y7 J, j, S/ B" E9 { g8 vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* ?! e) O' \' k; `& W4 b. e+ \
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So for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. ) N) ^: l1 H) v ~6 U. F- B
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As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 4 A& K- ]$ t8 ^' o8 i6 K6 @0 k公仔箱論壇 2 h5 _% e; i8 K& A公仔箱論壇4 G( C6 U& f$ |) W, p
On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 9 K K, j; [$ @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。www1.tvboxnow.com1 m4 b6 Z* t" d/ J) u3 _7 P' c
5 o" M$ k% y+ k+ R/ WChina’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. . |$ `6 ?* Z! F9 k" J2 P7 q公仔箱論壇- P0 |' F. h p- @4 x' |; k2 y# M% j
8 }; u7 M/ ?/ T; U/ w5 |tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbNow that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. 6 D& R; M- @7 R8 ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 * g1 f! c% P; N ' K, U" I6 h) d( gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. * Y3 l. O5 W& h9 n1 Y+ t4 ~* Z; [3 `
$ R% |) ?$ U6 lwww1.tvboxnow.comMinxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) h! V: c0 B0 Q) ?6 _; K/ A1 w
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I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor $ R0 S& {/ s& K& U% Jwww1.tvboxnow.com 0 p) F- g0 `4 u" W K, X* v( t5 F3 | China's Communist Party at 90 公仔箱論壇# O8 d' M0 B: `
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! Y5 D7 e- l, Y% X1 R& q8 ewww1.tvboxnow.comBy DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 / h$ Y3 h: K1 H6 c* H1 v7 {7 a
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" q- {/ s; O R( gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. 公仔箱論壇- _4 \- I& A1 u9 T" {, d( G
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 m+ M a! u$ {8 i* [
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1 N; Q5 H( ?, s8 _' N' E2 i5 HThe main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. ( b: C& m+ Y6 _, u* j* n* Q8 b7 _ ( F! T$ \ n; e @* n5 d公仔箱論壇 {. Y* h; J4 R6 {0 A( g" p; Y
Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). www1.tvboxnow.com- O4 q% g4 W2 b3 @3 A6 q- }
+ n! q( j( w0 \6 V5 i8 X( uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 2 k) E/ T2 r/ Z. N/ d* nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” 9 ^- \; i$ ]: E$ e$ C) j tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; I, O- K; M; z X% b: e9 @, f
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 m) I& d3 N# Q' e# Y
Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. 5 J$ M, R9 ?+ z5 I! R( D c: U8 } - ~5 r: f: F0 P& y5 n$ QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 U8 `0 l* i' T: s) K8 a9 M& E# h
The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. 公仔箱論壇+ V% u( v1 C* E/ N. c
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$ [2 A* r, k, [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. # I; |% D0 l: B* P * [0 b$ E. Z$ ?0 S$ {) M # G$ y( q! h/ V$ b7 M0 D$ d3 wThe official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. 9 d! C4 M' w: W! u y
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Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. : b1 _* c9 q. ?; r' RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: R: [8 A$ B+ l* z0 A" a X2 U* ~
) P4 G4 |, W6 k+ @公仔箱論壇Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 {( w1 ]- _; F" R; x7 M
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These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. 3 [8 w' l! B1 T" S2 d' R. UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 b( C+ _9 m( y/ F公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. ^8 G1 j& o& z' X' h
What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. B$ K7 d! Y9 Q- l! U2 |8 d公仔箱論壇 * t i* H# w5 B9 f- |& e7 a/ Q7 G( C* Z- ~
Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. 0 V) i! C& E3 L; T2 w公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% l' [& _ Z6 I+ ~1 T
! U0 `, Y. Q9 l$ B$ I' E/ Dwww1.tvboxnow.comYet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. . v' I7 [# m/ V% H( t Z" l: a: {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww1.tvboxnow.com( U% ]) o `+ z( f7 w' ~
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China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. , N% W i; i! M% G$ Ywww1.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇! n+ }* Z$ X7 f4 J
5 w# M' @7 L& [6 T+ L$ {David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” www1.tvboxnow.com0 Q6 A6 O4 p$ N5 u3 n: |5 B0 d) T. S4 o4 j
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 K9 O* K* w" L& E
) }5 R1 }& L5 Q, D+ v" Z/ L4 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ Q8 L, m0 f. W4 g1 F
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点) 6 t+ U, [# b8 P% T' N5 b8 LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇' ?5 w% \; O+ j( O+ O 作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 12:23 PM
中共建黨90週年大慶與活火山 , l! l# O4 C1 J( ?4 y% y; Z" w% P8 M9 } TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ p' p* u; r1 S: P V
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在90週年大慶的前夕,中國新華社發表長篇英文評論說,只有共產黨才能救中國,這是中國人民的選擇,也是中國發展的唯一道路。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' U- [3 `% y2 G; S: J0 F4 z. b& G3 E
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% H: `) e% Z" W; E M5 R2 S * ~3 C' ]3 h* h2 T1 H6 Jwww1.tvboxnow.com今年7月1日是中國共產黨建黨90週年公仔箱論壇6 Q- D; i+ N4 M, {, k8 \; \% T
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$ D/ [# M; N4 Y Q, o( \中共統戰部發言人星期三也發表講話稱,中國沒有必要組建新的政黨,因為中國共產黨和八個民主黨派已經基本涵蓋了現在的中國各社會階層和群體。 - W5 Z* k$ @; A6 {www1.tvboxnow.com & i2 o! t7 u8 V. X9 m www1.tvboxnow.com( K p% L. N. s
中國媒體連日來不斷引用海外人士對中共的讚揚,新華網6月30日頭條文章,就引用已故英國歷史學家湯因比的話說,「我願意生在中國。因為我覺得,中國今後對於全人類的未來將起到非常重要的作用。」公仔箱論壇% B. @" Q' j) f' S% j
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參考消息則刊登對墨西哥國立自治大學中國問題學者杜塞爾的採訪,讚揚中國共產黨建黨90週年有著全球性的意義,並誇現在的中國共產黨無疑是世界上最重要的共產黨。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 M' R$ O3 v; M. g0 }
# Y: R9 l$ J+ s# g8 q/ [- u公仔箱論壇 3 n' d' o. N$ Y公仔箱論壇據中國官方統計數字,到2010底,中共黨員人數已超過8千萬,僅去年一年就有3百多萬人申請入黨,其中81%是35歲以下的年輕人。 - a# M, m* D9 }6 ?/ t$ Dwww1.tvboxnow.com TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 {* Z" I/ t9 s% i
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因此有人認為,從理論上說,一個政黨能夠如此長久的實行一黨專政,而且黨員人數逐年上升,並注入年輕力量,就說明這個政黨確實能代表大多數國民的利益。 6 m& N- N w& V3 y% D, d" Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ; C( M% _3 D: b3 @' \# C+ r G* _
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高壓與積怨 & n D+ U. R7 B m+ D" G" rwww1.tvboxnow.com* V$ Q, o2 c1 k6 o2 v6 p- s% }
但是批評者認為,中共一黨專政之所以能持續,最主要的原因是它60年來一而貫之的對反對派的嚴厲鎮壓,所以才造成至今沒有反對派政黨競爭權位的現實。www1.tvboxnow.com& J' j) b/ z" |% L
0 g+ q* A1 k: Z% y TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* z7 T3 j; ^1 O" E& I6 {; @
另一個事實是,中國民間的怨憤從中共政治開始至今一直存在,前30年主要是針對毛澤東的無處不在的政治高壓,後30年則演變為對中共黨員和官僚貪污腐敗、以及貧富差距越來越大的憤怒。 ; }5 q$ T" J" \5 i " c; j- J7 N; ?www1.tvboxnow.com www1.tvboxnow.com: X) g6 m- O% l. G( M
許多網民在網上發表此類評論:當年利用社會底層對國民黨政府的極大不滿起家的中國共產黨,現在已經變成了壓制工農等社會基層人民的政府,所以中國共產黨是沒有前途可言的。公仔箱論壇& q5 o5 t# S2 L8 n7 f! }" i9 Z
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( _, i* a/ F, L' z4 Wwww1.tvboxnow.com本周早些時候,中國中央民族大學的趙士林教授發表公開信,批評鋪張奢侈的建黨宣傳,並勸誡中共不要再把共產黨道德化、神聖化、色彩化、封建化。趙士林教授的公開信引起普遍共鳴。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 `3 Q) o5 D' q3 L
, T# H* x+ A5 ^/ _6 o7 }*“因言獲罪”成為中共傳統*TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ G9 J0 }( |4 y9 T' O) j
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回顧反右運動,幾乎全部右派都是“因言獲罪”,其罪行是發表“反黨反社會主義”言論。美國哈佛大學高級研究員郭羅基表示,中共從1957年開始確立了“反黨反社會主義罪”這個罪行。 他説,儘管中國當時的憲法規定人民有“言論自由”,但是,“在中國,好像言論自由只能講革命言論,只能講正確言論。只能發表正確意見,不能發表錯誤意見。要真正實行言論自由,無論是革命言論,還是反革命言論,都應該可以自由發表,就要推翻‘反黨反社會主義有罪’這個命題。這個命題不推翻,就沒有言論自由,也沒有政治民主,中國就不會進步。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. a$ u5 [, r0 Q, H e3 l
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% [2 C3 E5 G; p- t& w* E& X1 ]# q
*黨內黨外形成一言堂*tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 t+ j: @5 _1 i. b( _, m( X
" V- ]$ W. x% E' }' M; kwww1.tvboxnow.com曾經在1994年到1999年擔任中共中央組織部長的張全景在2006年接受《南方週末》記者採訪時承認:“1957年反‘右’之前,民主生活會最好,相互之間能夠開展批評與自我批評,被批評的同志還可以作解釋。”“反‘右’後,在説真話方面受到影響。” , |8 f. P$ j! o. ~) STVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ `: J/ Z& S2 i% t
網上雜誌“縱覽中國”的主編陳奎德認為,毛澤東當年就是想通過反右運動形成在中國的“一言堂”。反右運動奠定了中國以後幾十年的意識形態版圖,消滅了一切自由主義的可能性。反右之後,所有的其他黨派的聲音、其他黨派的報紙和所有的宣傳陣地全部收歸共産黨所有。在1957年之前,各個民主黨派還有自己的報紙和言論陣地。到了57年,全部被中共收編。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& x" y# v( R. Q1 D7 A